now I will explain about, writes.
Writing is an activity to make words and sentences that can be collected that can be incorporated into a book.
first, the writes on the bark of trees and rocks. But, with the progress of time, people have created a replacement from the bark of trees, and the tools used to writes what we call the pencils and pens.
inventor of the pencil is an invention that greatly helped the nation's children, pencils arewriting and painting tool that was originally made of pure graphite. Writing is done byscraping graphite onto the media. However, pure graphite tends to break easily, too soft,medium effect when rubbing against dirty hands, and when held hands dirty. Because itthen created a mixture of graphite with clay so that the composition harder. Furthermore, the composition of the mixture is wrapped with paper or wood.
The use of lead and graphite has been started since the time of Greece. Both give a grayscratch effect, although a little more black graphite. Graphite is very rarely used until laterin the year 1564 found the content of pure graphite in large numbers in Borrowdale, a valley in the Lake District, northern England. Although it looked like coal, minerals can not be burned, and it left a shiny black, and easily removed on a writing surface.
At this time the term graphite is still confused with tin, lead, and Plumbago, meaning "likelead" considering a similar nature. Hence the term lead pencil (pencil lead) is still used today. Because oily texture, chunks wrapped in sheepskins or small pieces of tinberbentuktongkat bandaged with a rope. No one knows who first had the idea to put leadinto the container of wood, but in the 1560s, a primitive pencil had reached the Europeancontinent.
Blog with ID No 26 250.
lead was mined and exported to meet the demands of artists, and in the 17th century, to say the lead has been used everywhere. At the same time, the makers experimented with ablack lead pencil to produce a better stationery. Pure and easily extracted, lead fromBorrowdale became the target of thieves and traffickers. To overcome this, the British Parliament passed legislation in 1752 which stipulates that could lead thief jailed or exiled to a penal colony.
But in 1779, a chemist Carl W. Scheele examined and concluded that the graphite has a much different chemical properties with lead. Graphite is pure carbon molecular composition of the software. Finally in 1789, German geologists, Abraham G. Werner gavethe name of graphite, which is derived from the Greek word graphein, which means writing.Thus, the contents of a pencil instead of pewter.source:http://pakarbisnisonline.blogspot.com/2009/11/penemu-pensil.html.
Not easy to determine since when did humans know the pen. There are allegations that the man who called the first time using a chisel (iron sharpening) are often used for writing and drawing on stone or metal plates and is the first generation of pen. That said, it was not until 1000 BC occurred when the Chinese revolution stationery using hair brush as a writing tool. Brush it uses dry ink from soot or charcoal that its use as a watercolor.
Around 400 BC, "born" pens made from reeds rod to write on papyrus. Such type of pen can be found in Egypt and Armenia, while Cairo and Alexanderia famous as the main market of these items. Even now there are still many people along the coast of the Persian Gulf who collect reeds rod for this purpose, while the marketing spread to most eastern states. Reportedly, it is most suitable pen with ink and paper used in there. Selected reeds are usually a very small yet powerful trunked. Once cut, the weeds are kept specifically, for example, stored under the heap of manure for several months. The result, other than discolored black mixed with yellow, rod will be increasingly hard with a smoother surface.Along with the development of quality paper, then demanded a pen which is more subtle.Goose also be an option. If referring figuratively written St. Isodore of Sevile, a new quill appeared in the seventh century. Although many who suspect quill existing earlier.
Once sorted according to length and thickness, wing feathers buried in hot sand to dry outer skin. This process makes hair easy to clean and the inside puckered and peeling.Then the soft fur hardened by dipping into a boiling solution containing alum or nitric acid.At the final stage, the pen tip is shaped to cut and comfortable.
Goose quill memepunyai an important role at that time. Steel pen was found in 1820, and gradually took over the task of goose feathers. The form was different from that round, sharp, and chisel. Now we only use pens are produced from the factory, ready to use for any purpose.
In 1828, people began to recognize that steel pens were introduced John Mitchell of Birmingham UK. For approximately 7.5 liters of rice today. Unfortunately, when the people feel uncomfortable wearing it if every time the steel pen must be dipped in ink.
In 1884, came the marsupial pen ink on the principle that one of the capillary tube is made by an American, Lewis Edson Waterman. Waterman pen is indeed creation has made its own revolution in the field of writing. Because humans no longer need to repeatedly dipping a pen into the inkwell after writing a few words. Waterman has used gold iridium clad plate in the eyes of the pen. He is also the person who first put a clip on the cover of the pen.
The next pen is a pen models that rely on metal ball at the tip of a pen that will continue to submerged liquid ink from the ink sac. Then the pen comes close or mechanical key that prevents the ink from drying at the tip. Various models and shapes, many made at the time. However, the most satisfactory model is a work of Lazlo Biro. Pen once very popular in England, especially during World War II (1939-1940) who was then a lot of fighter pilots preferred because it does not leak when taken flight.
In contrast to dilute the ink pen is used, ballpoint ink thick and sticky. This is what causes is not easy to leak into the tip so that the ball be covered. In the 1960s began to be known soft-tip pen we call markers. This new breakthrough, because the eye is made of plastic porous pen, ink sac also contains a synthetic fiber. While it works like a sponge to store water.
Given the advantages of each type of pen so the idea arose to combine them. The results of rolling ball pen with a ball at the tip like a ballpoint pen, but uses liquid ink stored securely in the pouch as in pen or marker. When used, the tip of the pen will slide comfortably on the paper surface like using a pen or marker.source:http://indonesianinventor.multiply.com/journal/item/7.
of the times, developing a pen, to:
The first writer in recorded history for everyone intriguing question of who the first author?Precisely, the first writer in recorded history. In the 19th century, an amateur British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard discovered named the new pieces that read a story about the king of the Babylonian Uruk, part of the Gilgamesh epic. In this fragment carrying the name Shin-eqi-unninni as the author. Later also found 12 pieces of battu inscribed in Akkadian language ruins of the Assyrian Ashurbanipal library (which stands between 669-633 BCE). The writing on the stone the name of Shin-eqi-unninni as the author of the Gilgamesh epic. While Gilgamesh himself believe to have lived in around 2700 years before Christ. From the findings in the believe that the Shin-eqi-unninni is the first writer in recorded history. Another theory Gilgamesh first female writer who wrote poems of praise contains named Enheduanna, the authors believe to be the first recorded. He writes in the language of Sumerian, a language older than Akkadian language used by the Shin-eqi-unninni. Enheduanna poem is believed to originate from the 23 century BC. Poetry Enheduanna who translated by Dr. William Hallo and repaired by Dr.. Zgoll: En-Hedu-Ana's Lawsuit in the poem Nin-me-sara 1. Queen of all the ME, too numerous to count, rising forth as resplendent light [1] 2. Woman [2], most driven, clothed in frightening radiance, loved by An and Uras, 3. An's nugig [3], you are above all the great SUHkese-breastplates, 4. You, Who Love the right aga-crown [4], Who is suited for the en-priest-hood, 5. empowered with all of its all seven ME - 6. my queen! You are the guardian of the great ME! 7. You have uplifted the ME, you have held the Me in your hand. 8 You have gathered the ME, you have clasped the ME to your chest. 9 Like a dragon you cast venom upon the enemy land. 10 In the regions where you thundered like Iskur, no longer exists Asnan Because of you 11 Flooding waters surge down on land 12 Such an enemy You are the supreme one in Heaven and Earth, you are Their Inana! Literacy: http://www.mnsu.edu http://ancienthistory.about.com http://www.uned.es Image from here, here and heretraffic analytics Tags: history, the author Prev: Award John W. Campbell for best new writer.
Untuk berbagai alasan, seorang penulis seringkali menggunakan nama samaran. Alasan eksotisme, nama asli yang susah di ingat, alasan komersil sampai politis membuat mereka mengganti nama.
Di bawah ini adalah nama samaran yang digunakan oleh beberapa penulis dunia. Kadang ada satu nama samaran yang kebetulan dipakai oleh beberapa penulis. Kadang seorang penulis yang namanya sudah kondang menggunakan nama lain, misalnya Charles Dickens pernah menggunakan nama Boz sebagai nama samarannya.
A
Abhishek Kumar Yadav =Annu.
Abhishek Kumar Yadav =Annu.
Abigail Van Buren =Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips.
Abram Tertz =Andrei Sinyavsky.
Acton Bell =Anne Bront./George William Russell.
Alain-Fournier =Henri Alban-Fournier.
Alberto Moravia =Alberto Pincherle.
Ann Landers =Esther “Eppie” Pauline Friedman Lederer.
Alcofribas Nasier =Franois Rabelais.
Alexander Barks =Charlie Christensen.
Anatole France =Jacques Anatole Franois Thibault.
Anne Rice =Howard Allen O’Brien.
Anne Knish =Arthur Davison Ficke.
Arkon Daraul =likely Idries Shah.
Ashida Kim =Radford William Davis.
B
Barbara Michaels =Barbara Mertz.
Barbara Michaels =Barbara Mertz.
Blaise Cendrars =Frdric Louis Sauser.
Bob Hart =Al Trace / Albert J. Trace.
Boris Akunin =Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili.
Boz =Charles Dickens.
Branislav Nusic’ =Ben Akiba.
C
Cherry Wilder =Cherry Barbara Grimm.
Cherry Wilder =Cherry Barbara Grimm.
Cherubina de Gabriak =Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva.
Christopher Hunter =Radford William Davis.
Clem Watts =Albert J. Trace.
Cordwainer Smith =Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger.
Currer Bell =Charlotte Bront.
Curzio Malaparte =Kurt Erich Suckert.
D
Daniel Defoe =Daniel Foe.
Daniel Defoe =Daniel Foe.
Daniil Kharms =Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev.
Danuta de Rhodes =Dan Rhodes.
David Axton =Dean Koontz.
David Michaels =Raymond Benson.
Dazai Osamu =Shuji Tsushima.
Dear Abby =Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips.
Douglas Spaulding = Ray Bradbury.
Dr. Seuss =Theodore Geisel.
E
Edith Van Dyne =L. Frank Baum.
Edith Van Dyne =L. Frank Baum.
Edogawa Rampo =Hirai Taro-.
Edward Pygge =Ian Hamilton, Clive James, Russell Davies.
Edwin Caskoden =Charles Major.
Elia =Charles Lamb.
Elizabeth Peters =Barbara Mertz.
Ellis Bell =Emily Bront.
Ellis Peters =Edith Pargeter.
Elsa Triolet =Elsa Kagan.
Emanuel Morgan =Witter Bynner.
Erich Maria Remarque =Erich Paul Remark.
F
Flann O’Brien =Brian O’Nolan.
Flann O’Brien =Brian O’Nolan.
Francis Bennett =Edwin Keppel Bennett.
Franoise Sagan =Franoise Quoirez.
G
George Eliot =Mary Ann Evans.
George Eliot =Mary Ann Evans.
George Orwell =Eric Arthur Blair.
George Sand =Amandine Dupin.
Georges Courteline =Georges Victor Marcel Moinaux
Grace Greenwood =Sara Jane Lippincott.
Guillaume Apollinaire =Wilhelm Albert Vladimir Apollinaris de Kostrowitzky.
H
H.N. Turtletaub =Harry Turtledove.
H.N. Turtletaub =Harry Turtledove.
Hard Pan =Geraldine Bonner.
Harold Robbins =Harold Rubin.
Havank =Hans van der Kallen.
Herg =Georges Remi.
Hugh Conway =Frederick John Fargus.
I
Ilya Ilf =Ilya Arnoldovich Faynzilberg.
Ilya Ilf =Ilya Arnoldovich Faynzilberg.
Irwin Shaw =Irwin Shamforoff.
Italo Svevo =Ettore Schmitz.
J
J. K. Rowling =Joanne Rowling.
J. K. Rowling =Joanne Rowling.
James Dillinger =James Robert Baker.
James Tiptree, Jr =Alice Sheldon.
Jay Livingston =Jacob Harold Levison.
Jean Paul =Johann Paul Friedrich Richter.
Jean Plaidy =Eleanor Hibbert.
Johann Joachim Sautscheck =Roman Turovsky-Savchuk.
John Beynon =John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris.
John Christopher =Samuel Youd.
John le Carre =David John Moore Cornwell.
John Wyndham =John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris.
Joseph Conrad =Jzef Teodor Na?e;cz Konrad Korzeniowski.
K
Korney Chukovsky =Nikolay Vasilyevich Korneychukov.
Korney Chukovsky =Nikolay Vasilyevich Korneychukov.
Keno =Eric Killinger.
L
Lemony Snicket =Daniel Handler.
Lemony Snicket =Daniel Handler.
Lewis Carroll =Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
Lorenzo da Ponte =Emmanuele Conegliano .
Louis-Ferdinand Cline =Louis-Ferdinand Destouches.
M
Mark Brandis =Nikolai von Michalewsky.
Mark Brandis =Nikolai von Michalewsky.
Mark Twain =Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
Mary Westmacott =Agatha Christie.
Michael Arlen =Dikran Kuyumjian.
Michael Innes =J. I. M. Stewart.
Molire =Jean-Baptiste Poquelin.
Multatuli =Eduard Douwes Dekker.
Murray Leinster =Will F. Jenkins.
N
Nancy Boyd =Edna St. Vincent Millay.
Nancy Boyd =Edna St. Vincent Millay.
Natsume Soseki =Natsume Kinnosuke.
Nisa =Nicola Salerno.
Nicolas Bourbaki = group yang terdiri dari para ahli matematika di abad 20.
Novalis =Friedrich Leopold.
O
O. Henry =William Sydney Porter.
O. Henry =William Sydney Porter.
Ogdred Weary =Edward Gorey.
Onoto Watanna =Winnifred Eaton.
P
Paul Annixter =Howard Allison Sturtzel.
Paul Annixter =Howard Allison Sturtzel.
Paul Celan =Paul Antschel.
Jean Ray =Jean Raymond Marie de Kremer.
Pauline Rage =Anne Desclos.
Peter Gast =Heinrich Kselitz.
Pierre Loti =Louis Marie Julien Viaud.
Piers Anthony =Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob.
Phillip Guston =Phillip Goldstein.
Publius =Alexander Hamilton, James Madison dan John Jay ketika menulis novel berjudul The Federalist Papers.
Q
Q =Arthur Quiller-Couch.
Q =Arthur Quiller-Couch.
R
Richard Bachman =Stephen King.
Richard Bachman =Stephen King.
Richard Leander =Richard von Volkmann.
Robert Jordan =James Oliver Rigney, Jr..
Robert Markham =Kingsley Amis.
Romain Gary =Romain Kacew.
Rosemary Edghill =eluki bes shahar.
S
Saint-John Perse =Alexis Saint-Lger Lger.
Saint-John Perse =Alexis Saint-Lger Lger.
Saki =Hector Hugh Munro.
Sapper =H. C. McNeile.
Seiko Legru =Janwillem van de Wetering.
Silence Dogood =Benjamin Franklin.
Sister Nivedita =Margaret Elizabeth Noble.
Stash Cairo =Craig Hamilton.
Stefan Brockhoff =Dieter Cunz, Richard Plant, Oskar Seidlin.
Steele Rudd =Arthur Hoey Davis.
Student =William Sealey Gosset.
Sui Sin Far =Edith Maude Eaton.
T
The Fredman =Karl Mikael Bellman.
The Fredman =Karl Mikael Bellman.
Thoinot Arbeau =Jehan Tabourot.
TM Maple =Jim Burke.
Toni Morrison =Chloe Anthony Wofford.
U
Umberto Saba =Umberto Poli.
Umberto Saba =Umberto Poli.
V
Vercors =Jean Bruller.
Vercors =Jean Bruller.
Vernon Sullivan =Boris Vian.
Voltaire =Franois-Marie Arouet.
W
Walter =Henry Spencer Ashbee.
Walter =Henry Spencer Ashbee.
Willibald Alexis =Georg Wilhelm Heinrich Haring.
Woody Allen =Allen Stewart Konigsberg.
Y
Yevegny Petrov =Yevgeniy Petrovich Kataev.
Yevegny Petrov =Yevgeniy Petrovich Kataev.
Yukio Mishima =Kimitake Hiraoka.
so first words from me, thanks and bye.
